{ "name": "Japanese C2 Core Vocab", "front_language": "Japanese", "back_language": "English", "cards": [ { "front": "如何 (ikan)", "back": "how / whether (formal)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 1, "example_front": "結果如何によっては中止もあり得る。", "example_back": "Depending on the outcome, it may be cancelled." }, { "front": "示唆 (shisa)", "back": "suggestion / implication", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 2, "example_front": "この結果は重要な示唆を与える。", "example_back": "This result offers an important implication." }, { "front": "斬新 (zanshin)", "back": "novel / innovative", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 3, "example_front": "斬新なデザインが話題になった。", "example_back": "The innovative design became a talking point." }, { "front": "葛藤 (kattou)", "back": "inner conflict", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 4, "example_front": "主人公の心の葛藤が丁寧に描かれる。", "example_back": "The protagonist's inner conflict is carefully portrayed." }, { "front": "揶揄 (yayu)", "back": "ridicule / teasing", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "media" ], "word_frequency": 5, "example_front": "政府の対応を揶揄する風刺画。", "example_back": "A cartoon ridiculing the government's response." }, { "front": "啓蒙 (keimou)", "back": "enlightenment / education of the public", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 6, "example_front": "市民への啓蒙活動を行う。", "example_back": "Conduct public education campaigns." }, { "front": "斡旋 (assen)", "back": "mediation / brokering", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 7, "example_front": "就職を斡旋する。", "example_back": "Help people find jobs." }, { "front": "冤罪 (enzai)", "back": "false charge / wrongful conviction", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 8, "example_front": "冤罪の被害者が再審を求める。", "example_back": "A victim of wrongful conviction seeks a retrial." }, { "front": "蔓延 (man'en)", "back": "spread / prevalence", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "media" ], "word_frequency": 9, "example_front": "偽情報が蔓延している。", "example_back": "Disinformation is rampant." }, { "front": "秀逸 (shuuitsu)", "back": "excellent / outstanding", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 10, "example_front": "この比喩は実に秀逸だ。", "example_back": "This metaphor is truly outstanding." }, { "front": "横領 (ouryou)", "back": "embezzlement", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 11, "example_front": "会社の資金を横領した。", "example_back": "He embezzled company funds." }, { "front": "疲弊 (hihei)", "back": "exhaustion / impoverishment", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 12, "example_front": "地方経済が疲弊している。", "example_back": "Regional economies are exhausted." }, { "front": "牽制 (kensei)", "back": "check / restraint (diplomatic)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 13, "example_front": "相手国を牽制する発言。", "example_back": "A statement to keep the other country in check." }, { "front": "圧巻 (akkan)", "back": "highlight / masterpiece", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 14, "example_front": "ラストシーンは圧巻だった。", "example_back": "The final scene was the highlight." }, { "front": "糾弾 (kyuudan)", "back": "denunciation / censure", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 15, "example_front": "野党は政府の責任を糾弾した。", "example_back": "The opposition denounced the government's responsibility." }, { "front": "踏襲 (toushuu)", "back": "following (a precedent)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 16, "example_front": "前政権の方針を踏襲する。", "example_back": "Follow the previous administration's policy." }, { "front": "払拭 (fusshoku)", "back": "dispelling / wiping out", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 17, "example_front": "国民の不信感を払拭する。", "example_back": "Dispel public distrust." }, { "front": "刹那 (setsuna)", "back": "moment / instant", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 18, "example_front": "刹那的な快楽を求める。", "example_back": "Seek momentary pleasure." }, { "front": "彷徨 (houkou)", "back": "wandering", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 19, "example_front": "夜の街を彷徨する。", "example_back": "Wander the city at night." }, { "front": "刷新 (sasshin)", "back": "overhaul / renewal", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 20, "example_front": "組織の刷新を図る。", "example_back": "Aim to overhaul the organization." }, { "front": "卓越 (takuetsu)", "back": "excellence / preeminence", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 21, "example_front": "彼は卓越した技術を持つ。", "example_back": "He has outstanding skill." }, { "front": "隆盛 (ryuusei)", "back": "prosperity / flourishing", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 22, "example_front": "ネット通販の隆盛。", "example_back": "The flourishing of online retail." }, { "front": "所以 (yuen)", "back": "reason / why", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 23, "example_front": "これが彼が天才と呼ばれる所以だ。", "example_back": "This is why he's called a genius." }, { "front": "緻密 (chimitsu)", "back": "meticulous / detailed", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 24, "example_front": "緻密な計画を立てる。", "example_back": "Make a meticulous plan." }, { "front": "拮抗 (kikkou)", "back": "being evenly matched", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 25, "example_front": "両候補の支持率は拮抗している。", "example_back": "The two candidates' approval ratings are neck and neck." }, { "front": "更迭 (koutetsu)", "back": "reshuffle / replacement (of an official)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 26, "example_front": "不祥事で担当者が更迭された。", "example_back": "The person in charge was replaced after the scandal." }, { "front": "狡猾 (koukatsu)", "back": "cunning / sly", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 27, "example_front": "狡猾な手口で金をだまし取った。", "example_back": "He swindled money with a cunning trick." }, { "front": "頓挫 (tonza)", "back": "breakdown / setback (of plans)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 28, "example_front": "計画が資金不足で頓挫した。", "example_back": "The plan fell through for lack of funds." }, { "front": "陳腐 (chinpu)", "back": "hackneyed / trite", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 29, "example_front": "陳腐な表現は避けたほうがいい。", "example_back": "It's better to avoid trite expressions." }, { "front": "奔走 (honsou)", "back": "running around (to arrange)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 30, "example_front": "資金集めに奔走する。", "example_back": "Run around raising funds." }, { "front": "蹂躙 (juurin)", "back": "trampling / violation (of rights)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 31, "example_front": "人権を蹂躙する行為。", "example_back": "An act that tramples on human rights." }, { "front": "弾劾 (dangai)", "back": "impeachment", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 32, "example_front": "大統領の弾劾が可決された。", "example_back": "The president's impeachment was passed." }, { "front": "欺瞞 (giman)", "back": "deception / hypocrisy", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 33, "example_front": "その主張は欺瞞に満ちている。", "example_back": "The claim is full of deception." }, { "front": "冗長 (jouchou)", "back": "verbose / redundant", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 34, "example_front": "この文章は冗長だ。", "example_back": "This passage is verbose." }, { "front": "恫喝 (doukatsu)", "back": "intimidation / threats", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 35, "example_front": "取引先を恫喝した疑い。", "example_back": "Suspected of intimidating a business partner." }, { "front": "辟易 (hekieki)", "back": "being fed up", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 36, "example_front": "長い説教に辟易した。", "example_back": "I was fed up with the long lecture." }, { "front": "罷免 (himen)", "back": "dismissal (from office)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 37, "example_front": "大臣が罷免された。", "example_back": "The minister was dismissed." }, { "front": "瑕疵 (kashi)", "back": "defect / flaw (legal)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 38, "example_front": "契約書に瑕疵が見つかった。", "example_back": "A defect was found in the contract." }, { "front": "あざとい (azatoi)", "back": "calculating / brazenly cute", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "media" ], "word_frequency": 39, "example_front": "あざとい演出が鼻につく。", "example_back": "The calculated staging grates." }, { "front": "軋轢 (atsureki)", "back": "friction / discord", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 40, "example_front": "両国間の軋轢が深まっている。", "example_back": "Friction between the two countries is deepening." }, { "front": "本末転倒 (honmatsu tentou)", "back": "putting the cart before the horse", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "debate" ], "word_frequency": 41, "example_front": "それでは本末転倒だ。", "example_back": "That's putting the cart before the horse." }, { "front": "いかがわしい (ikagawashii)", "back": "dubious / shady", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "register" ], "word_frequency": 42, "example_front": "いかがわしい商売。", "example_back": "A shady business." }, { "front": "忖度 (sontaku)", "back": "reading between the lines / anticipating a superior's wishes", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 43, "example_front": "官僚の忖度が問題視されている。", "example_back": "Bureaucrats anticipating their superiors' wishes is seen as a problem." }, { "front": "粉飾 (funshoku)", "back": "window dressing (accounts)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 44, "example_front": "粉飾決算が発覚した。", "example_back": "Accounting fraud came to light." }, { "front": "おもむろに (omomuroni)", "back": "slowly / deliberately", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 45, "example_front": "彼はおもむろに口を開いた。", "example_back": "He slowly began to speak." }, { "front": "蛇足 (dasoku)", "back": "superfluous addition", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "rhetoric" ], "word_frequency": 46, "example_front": "蛇足ながら付け加えます。", "example_back": "At the risk of being superfluous, let me add..." }, { "front": "然るべき (shikarubeki)", "back": "appropriate / due", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 47, "example_front": "然るべき措置を講じる。", "example_back": "Take appropriate measures." }, { "front": "邁進 (maishin)", "back": "pressing forward", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 48, "example_front": "目標に向かって邁進する。", "example_back": "Press forward toward the goal." }, { "front": "研鑽 (kensan)", "back": "diligent study", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 49, "example_front": "日々研鑽を積む。", "example_back": "Pursue diligent study every day." }, { "front": "しがらみ (shigarami)", "back": "ties / obligations that bind", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 50, "example_front": "地元のしがらみから抜け出せない。", "example_back": "Can't escape local ties and obligations." }, { "front": "専ら (moppara)", "back": "exclusively / mainly", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "register" ], "word_frequency": 51, "example_front": "休日は専ら読書をしている。", "example_back": "On holidays I mainly read." }, { "front": "稚拙 (chisetsu)", "back": "clumsy / childish", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 52, "example_front": "稚拙な文章で申し訳ありません。", "example_back": "I apologize for my clumsy writing." }, { "front": "勘案 (kan'an)", "back": "taking into account", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 53, "example_front": "諸事情を勘案して決定する。", "example_back": "Decide taking various circumstances into account." }, { "front": "畏怖 (ifu)", "back": "awe / dread", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 54, "example_front": "自然への畏怖の念を抱く。", "example_back": "Feel awe toward nature." }, { "front": "奇しくも (kushikumo)", "back": "strangely / coincidentally", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 55, "example_front": "奇しくも同じ日に生まれた。", "example_back": "Coincidentally, they were born on the same day." }, { "front": "懐柔 (kaijuu)", "back": "appeasement / winning over", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 56, "example_front": "反対派を懐柔する。", "example_back": "Win over the opposition." }, { "front": "狼狽 (roubai)", "back": "dismay / consternation", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 57, "example_front": "突然の質問に狼狽した。", "example_back": "He was flustered by the sudden question." }, { "front": "凋落 (chouraku)", "back": "decline / downfall", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 58, "example_front": "かつての名門企業の凋落。", "example_back": "The decline of a once-prestigious company." }, { "front": "齟齬 (sogo)", "back": "discrepancy / inconsistency", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 59, "example_front": "両者の認識に齟齬がある。", "example_back": "There's a discrepancy in the two sides' understanding." }, { "front": "寡黙 (kamoku)", "back": "taciturn", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 60, "example_front": "寡黙な父は滅多に褒めなかった。", "example_back": "My taciturn father rarely praised anyone." }, { "front": "饒舌 (jouzetsu)", "back": "talkative / garrulous", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 61, "example_front": "酒が入ると彼は饒舌になる。", "example_back": "He becomes talkative after a drink." }, { "front": "無常 (mujou)", "back": "impermanence", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 62, "example_front": "平家物語は無常観を描く。", "example_back": "The Tale of the Heike depicts impermanence." }, { "front": "瓦解 (gakai)", "back": "collapse / disintegration", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 63, "example_front": "連立政権が瓦解した。", "example_back": "The coalition government collapsed." }, { "front": "逼迫 (hippaku)", "back": "tightness / strain (finances, supply)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 64, "example_front": "電力需給が逼迫している。", "example_back": "Electricity supply is under strain." }, { "front": "潔い (isagiyoi)", "back": "graceful / gallant (in admitting defeat)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 65, "example_front": "潔く負けを認めた。", "example_back": "He gracefully admitted defeat." }, { "front": "造詣 (zoukei)", "back": "deep knowledge", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 66, "example_front": "彼は日本美術に造詣が深い。", "example_back": "He has deep knowledge of Japanese art." }, { "front": "耽美 (tanbi)", "back": "aestheticism", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 67, "example_front": "耽美的な世界観が特徴だ。", "example_back": "An aesthetic worldview is its hallmark." }, { "front": "精緻 (seichi)", "back": "exquisite / precise", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 68, "example_front": "精緻な細工が施されている。", "example_back": "It features exquisite craftsmanship." }, { "front": "看過 (kanka)", "back": "overlooking / letting pass", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 69, "example_front": "この問題は看過できない。", "example_back": "This problem cannot be overlooked." }, { "front": "おこがましい (okogamashii)", "back": "presumptuous", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "register" ], "word_frequency": 70, "example_front": "私が言うのもおこがましいですが。", "example_back": "It may be presumptuous of me to say so, but..." }, { "front": "演繹 (en'eki)", "back": "deduction", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 71, "example_front": "一般原理から演繹する。", "example_back": "Deduce from general principles." }, { "front": "杜撰 (zusan)", "back": "sloppy / careless", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 72, "example_front": "杜撰な管理が事故を招いた。", "example_back": "Sloppy management led to the accident." }, { "front": "姑息 (kosoku)", "back": "makeshift / underhanded", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "register" ], "word_frequency": 73, "example_front": "姑息な手段で責任を逃れた。", "example_back": "He evaded responsibility by underhanded means." }, { "front": "矜持 (kyouji)", "back": "pride / dignity", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 74, "example_front": "職人としての矜持を失わない。", "example_back": "He never loses his pride as a craftsman." }, { "front": "凡庸 (bon'you)", "back": "mediocre", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 75, "example_front": "凡庸な作品に終わった。", "example_back": "It ended up a mediocre work." }, { "front": "詭弁 (kiben)", "back": "sophistry", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "debate" ], "word_frequency": 76, "example_front": "それは単なる詭弁だ。", "example_back": "That's mere sophistry." }, { "front": "傍若無人 (boujaku bujin)", "back": "outrageously inconsiderate", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 77, "example_front": "傍若無人な振る舞い。", "example_back": "Outrageously inconsiderate behavior." }, { "front": "未曾有 (mizou)", "back": "unprecedented", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "media" ], "word_frequency": 78, "example_front": "未曾有の大災害が起きた。", "example_back": "An unprecedented disaster occurred." }, { "front": "杞憂 (kiyuu)", "back": "needless worry", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 79, "example_front": "心配は杞憂に終わった。", "example_back": "The worry proved needless." }, { "front": "膠着 (kouchaku)", "back": "deadlock / stalemate", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 80, "example_front": "交渉は膠着状態に陥った。", "example_back": "The negotiations fell into deadlock." }, { "front": "跋扈 (bakko)", "back": "rampancy / running rampant", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 81, "example_front": "悪徳業者が跋扈している。", "example_back": "Unscrupulous dealers are running rampant." }, { "front": "推敲 (suikou)", "back": "polishing (a text)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 82, "example_front": "原稿を何度も推敲した。", "example_back": "I polished the manuscript many times." }, { "front": "ひとえに (hitoeni)", "back": "solely / entirely", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 83, "example_front": "成功はひとえに皆様のおかげです。", "example_back": "Our success is entirely thanks to you all." }, { "front": "贈賄 (zouwai)", "back": "bribery (giving)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 84, "example_front": "贈賄の容疑で逮捕された。", "example_back": "He was arrested on suspicion of bribery." }, { "front": "枚挙 (maikyo)", "back": "enumeration (枚挙にいとまがない)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "register" ], "word_frequency": 85, "example_front": "このような例は枚挙にいとまがない。", "example_back": "Such examples are too numerous to list." }, { "front": "看破 (kanpa)", "back": "seeing through", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 86, "example_front": "彼は相手の嘘を看破した。", "example_back": "He saw through the other's lie." }, { "front": "婉曲 (enkyoku)", "back": "euphemistic / roundabout", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "rhetoric" ], "word_frequency": 87, "example_front": "彼は婉曲に断った。", "example_back": "He declined in a roundabout way." }, { "front": "趨勢 (suusei)", "back": "trend / tendency", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 88, "example_front": "時代の趨勢には逆らえない。", "example_back": "You can't go against the trend of the times." }, { "front": "端緒 (tansho)", "back": "beginning / clue", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 89, "example_front": "事件解決の端緒をつかんだ。", "example_back": "They found the first clue to solving the case." }, { "front": "嚆矢 (koushi)", "back": "beginning / first instance", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 90, "example_front": "この研究がその分野の嚆矢となった。", "example_back": "This study marked the beginning of the field." }, { "front": "寡占 (kasen)", "back": "oligopoly", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 91, "example_front": "市場は数社による寡占状態だ。", "example_back": "The market is an oligopoly of a few firms." }, { "front": "僭越 (sen'etsu)", "back": "presumption (僭越ながら = if I may be so bold)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 92, "example_front": "僭越ながら、一言申し上げます。", "example_back": "If I may be so bold, I'd like to say a word." }, { "front": "鑑みる (kangamiru)", "back": "in light of / considering", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 93, "example_front": "現状に鑑み、計画を延期する。", "example_back": "In light of the situation, the plan will be postponed." }, { "front": "形而上学 (keijijougaku)", "back": "metaphysics", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 94, "example_front": "形而上学的な問いを立てる。", "example_back": "Pose a metaphysical question." }, { "front": "憧憬 (shoukei)", "back": "longing / yearning", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 95, "example_front": "都会への憧憬を抱いていた。", "example_back": "He had a longing for the city." }, { "front": "幽玄 (yuugen)", "back": "subtle profundity (yūgen)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 96, "example_front": "能は幽玄の美を追求する。", "example_back": "Noh pursues the beauty of yūgen." }, { "front": "帰納 (kinou)", "back": "induction", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 97, "example_front": "多くの事例から帰納的に結論を導く。", "example_back": "Draw conclusions inductively from many cases." }, { "front": "魑魅魍魎 (chimi mouryou)", "back": "evil spirits / sinister forces", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 98, "example_front": "政界は魑魅魍魎が跋扈する世界だ。", "example_back": "Politics is a world overrun by sinister forces." }, { "front": "慟哭 (doukoku)", "back": "wailing / lamentation", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 99, "example_front": "訃報に彼は慟哭した。", "example_back": "He wailed at the news of the death." }, { "front": "憔悴 (shousui)", "back": "haggard / exhausted", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 100, "example_front": "看病で彼女は憔悴しきっていた。", "example_back": "She was utterly haggard from nursing." }, { "front": "あまつさえ (amatsusae)", "back": "moreover / on top of that (negative)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 101, "example_front": "道に迷い、あまつさえ雨まで降り出した。", "example_back": "We got lost, and on top of that it started to rain." }, { "front": "虎視眈々 (koshi tantan)", "back": "watching vigilantly for a chance", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 102, "example_front": "ライバル企業が虎視眈々と狙っている。", "example_back": "Rival companies are watching for their chance." }, { "front": "すべからく (subekaraku)", "back": "should by all means", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 103, "example_front": "学生はすべからく勉学に励むべし。", "example_back": "Students should by all means devote themselves to study." }, { "front": "因習 (inshuu)", "back": "convention / outdated custom", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 104, "example_front": "村の因習にとらわれる。", "example_back": "Be bound by the village's outdated customs." }, { "front": "喫緊 (kikkin)", "back": "urgent / pressing", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 105, "example_front": "少子化対策は喫緊の課題だ。", "example_back": "Measures against the falling birthrate are a pressing issue." }, { "front": "蓋然性 (gaizensei)", "back": "probability / likelihood", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 106, "example_front": "その説の蓋然性は高い。", "example_back": "That theory is highly probable." }, { "front": "けだし (kedashi)", "back": "surely / indeed", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 107, "example_front": "けだし名言である。", "example_back": "It is surely a fine saying." }, { "front": "奥ゆかしい (okuyukashii)", "back": "modest and refined", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 108, "example_front": "奥ゆかしい人柄。", "example_back": "A modest and refined character." }, { "front": "拙速 (sessoku)", "back": "hasty / rushed", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 109, "example_front": "拙速な判断は避けるべきだ。", "example_back": "Hasty decisions should be avoided." }, { "front": "諦観 (teikan)", "back": "resignation / clear-eyed acceptance", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 110, "example_front": "晩年の作品には諦観が漂う。", "example_back": "A sense of resignation pervades his late works." }, { "front": "奏功 (soukou)", "back": "succeeding / paying off", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 111, "example_front": "新戦略が奏功した。", "example_back": "The new strategy paid off." }, { "front": "逡巡 (shunjun)", "back": "hesitation / vacillation", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 112, "example_front": "彼は一瞬逡巡したが、引き受けた。", "example_back": "He hesitated for a moment, but accepted." }, { "front": "忌憚 (kitan)", "back": "reserve (忌憚のない = frank)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 113, "example_front": "忌憚のないご意見をお聞かせください。", "example_back": "Please give us your frank opinion." }, { "front": "有象無象 (uzou muzou)", "back": "riffraff / the rabble", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "register" ], "word_frequency": 114, "example_front": "有象無象の意見に惑わされるな。", "example_back": "Don't be swayed by the rabble's opinions." }, { "front": "四面楚歌 (shimen soka)", "back": "surrounded by enemies", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 115, "example_front": "首相は四面楚歌の状況にある。", "example_back": "The prime minister is surrounded by enemies." }, { "front": "慧眼 (keigan)", "back": "keen insight", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 116, "example_front": "彼の慧眼には恐れ入る。", "example_back": "I'm in awe of his keen insight." }, { "front": "暗澹 (antan)", "back": "gloomy / dismal", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 117, "example_front": "暗澹たる気持ちになった。", "example_back": "I fell into a gloomy mood." }, { "front": "厚顔無恥 (kougan muchi)", "back": "brazen / shameless", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 118, "example_front": "厚顔無恥な言い訳。", "example_back": "A shameless excuse." }, { "front": "跳梁 (chouryou)", "back": "running rampant (of villains)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 119, "example_front": "悪党が跳梁する時代。", "example_back": "An era when villains run rampant." }, { "front": "僥倖 (gyoukou)", "back": "stroke of luck / windfall", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 120, "example_front": "これほどの成功は僥倖と言うほかない。", "example_back": "Such success can only be called a stroke of luck." }, { "front": "嘱望 (shokubou)", "back": "great expectations (for someone)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 121, "example_front": "将来を嘱望される若手研究者。", "example_back": "A young researcher of great promise." }, { "front": "つぶさに (tsubusani)", "back": "in detail", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 122, "example_front": "現場をつぶさに観察する。", "example_back": "Observe the site in detail." }, { "front": "拘泥 (koudei)", "back": "adhering rigidly / fixating", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 123, "example_front": "細部に拘泥しすぎるな。", "example_back": "Don't fixate too much on details." }, { "front": "顧みる (kaerimiru)", "back": "to reflect on / to look back", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 124, "example_front": "自らの行いを顧みる。", "example_back": "Reflect on one's own conduct." }, { "front": "煩悶 (hanmon)", "back": "agonizing / worry", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 125, "example_front": "進路について煩悶する日々。", "example_back": "Days of agonizing over his future." }, { "front": "斟酌 (shinshaku)", "back": "taking into consideration", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 126, "example_front": "情状を斟酌して判決を下す。", "example_back": "Hand down a sentence taking circumstances into account." }, { "front": "相克 (soukoku)", "back": "conflict / rivalry", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 127, "example_front": "理性と感情の相克を描く。", "example_back": "It depicts the conflict between reason and emotion." }, { "front": "寂寥 (sekiryou)", "back": "loneliness / desolation", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 128, "example_front": "秋の夕暮れに寂寥感を覚える。", "example_back": "One feels desolation on autumn evenings." }, { "front": "恭順 (kyoujun)", "back": "submission / allegiance", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 129, "example_front": "新政権に恭順の意を示す。", "example_back": "Show allegiance to the new government." }, { "front": "薫陶 (kuntou)", "back": "guidance / mentorship", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 130, "example_front": "恩師の薫陶を受けた。", "example_back": "I received guidance from my mentor." }, { "front": "喝破 (kappa)", "back": "declaring boldly / exposing", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "rhetoric" ], "word_frequency": 131, "example_front": "問題の本質を喝破した。", "example_back": "He boldly exposed the essence of the problem." }, { "front": "栄枯盛衰 (eiko seisui)", "back": "rise and fall", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 132, "example_front": "企業の栄枯盛衰。", "example_back": "The rise and fall of companies." }, { "front": "唾棄 (daki)", "back": "contempt / spurning", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 133, "example_front": "唾棄すべき行為だ。", "example_back": "It is a contemptible act." }, { "front": "不倶戴天 (fugu taiten)", "back": "mortal (enemy)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 134, "example_front": "不倶戴天の敵。", "example_back": "A mortal enemy." }, { "front": "白眉 (hakubi)", "back": "the finest (of a group)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 135, "example_front": "この作品は彼の小説の白眉だ。", "example_back": "This work is the finest of his novels." }, { "front": "敷衍 (fuen)", "back": "elaboration / expanding on", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 136, "example_front": "この点をもう少し敷衍して説明します。", "example_back": "Let me elaborate a little more on this point." }, { "front": "換言 (kangen)", "back": "in other words (換言すれば)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 137, "example_front": "換言すれば、責任は全員にある。", "example_back": "In other words, everyone is responsible." }, { "front": "蒙昧 (moumai)", "back": "ignorance / benightedness", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 138, "example_front": "蒙昧な迷信を打破する。", "example_back": "Break down benighted superstitions." }, { "front": "頗る (sukoburu)", "back": "extremely", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 139, "example_front": "今日は頗る機嫌がいい。", "example_back": "He's in an extremely good mood today." }, { "front": "蘊蓄 (unchiku)", "back": "deep knowledge (often shown off)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "register" ], "word_frequency": 140, "example_front": "ワインの蘊蓄を語る。", "example_back": "Hold forth on wine." }, { "front": "つまびらか (tsumabiraka)", "back": "detailed / clear", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 141, "example_front": "事件の経緯をつまびらかにする。", "example_back": "Clarify the details of the incident." }, { "front": "止揚 (shiyou)", "back": "sublation / aufheben", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 142, "example_front": "ヘーゲルの止揚の概念。", "example_back": "Hegel's concept of sublation." }, { "front": "とみに (tomini)", "back": "markedly / suddenly", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 143, "example_front": "最近とみに体力が落ちた。", "example_back": "Recently my stamina has markedly declined." }, { "front": "臥薪嘗胆 (gashin shoutan)", "back": "enduring hardship for revenge / success", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 144, "example_front": "臥薪嘗胆の日々を送る。", "example_back": "Spend days enduring hardship to succeed." }, { "front": "頽廃 (taihai)", "back": "decadence", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 145, "example_front": "世紀末の頽廃的な雰囲気。", "example_back": "The decadent atmosphere of the fin de siècle." }, { "front": "衒学 (gengaku)", "back": "pedantry", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 146, "example_front": "衒学的な議論にうんざりする。", "example_back": "I'm sick of pedantic arguments." }, { "front": "慮る (omonpakaru)", "back": "to consider / to be mindful of", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 147, "example_front": "相手の立場を慮る。", "example_back": "Be mindful of the other's position." }, { "front": "換骨奪胎 (kankotsu dattai)", "back": "adapting (a work) into something new", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 148, "example_front": "古典を換骨奪胎した作品。", "example_back": "A work that reworks a classic into something new." }, { "front": "諧謔 (kaigyaku)", "back": "humor / jest", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 149, "example_front": "彼の随筆は諧謔に富む。", "example_back": "His essays are rich in humor." }, { "front": "忸怩 (jikuji)", "back": "ashamed / mortified", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 150, "example_front": "忸怩たる思いで結果を受け止めた。", "example_back": "He accepted the result with a sense of shame." }, { "front": "憤懣 (funman)", "back": "indignation / resentment", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 151, "example_front": "憤懣やるかたない思い。", "example_back": "Indignation that cannot be vented." }, { "front": "畢竟 (hikkyou)", "back": "after all / ultimately", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 152, "example_front": "畢竟、人は一人で生きるものだ。", "example_back": "Ultimately, people live alone." }, { "front": "面従腹背 (menjuu fukuhai)", "back": "outward obedience, inner defiance", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 153, "example_front": "部下の面従腹背に気づかない。", "example_back": "Not noticing subordinates' feigned obedience." }, { "front": "やおら (yaora)", "back": "slowly / gently", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 154, "example_front": "老人はやおら立ち上がった。", "example_back": "The old man slowly stood up." }, { "front": "淵源 (engen)", "back": "origin / source", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 155, "example_front": "この思想の淵源は古代にある。", "example_back": "This thought has its origins in antiquity." }, { "front": "懊悩 (ounou)", "back": "anguish / agony", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 156, "example_front": "彼は夜ごと懊悩した。", "example_back": "He was in anguish night after night." }, { "front": "捲土重来 (kendo chourai)", "back": "making a comeback", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 157, "example_front": "捲土重来を期す。", "example_back": "Vow to make a comeback." }, { "front": "嘯く (usobuku)", "back": "to boast / to talk big", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 158, "example_front": "彼は「何とかなる」と嘯いた。", "example_back": "He boasted, \"It'll work out.\"" }, { "front": "乾坤一擲 (kenkon itteki)", "back": "staking everything on one throw", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 159, "example_front": "乾坤一擲の勝負に出る。", "example_back": "Stake everything on one gamble." }, { "front": "付和雷同 (fuwa raidou)", "back": "blindly following others", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 160, "example_front": "付和雷同せず自分で考えよう。", "example_back": "Think for yourself rather than following the crowd." }, { "front": "玉石混淆 (gyokuseki konkou)", "back": "mix of good and bad", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "media" ], "word_frequency": 161, "example_front": "ネットの情報は玉石混淆だ。", "example_back": "Online information is a mix of good and bad." }, { "front": "卑近 (hikin)", "back": "familiar / everyday (example)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 162, "example_front": "卑近な例を挙げて説明する。", "example_back": "Explain with an everyday example." }, { "front": "帰趨 (kisuu)", "back": "outcome / consequence", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 163, "example_front": "選挙の帰趨を決める争点。", "example_back": "The issue that will decide the election's outcome." }, { "front": "画竜点睛 (garyou tensei)", "back": "the finishing touch", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 164, "example_front": "画竜点睛を欠く。", "example_back": "It lacks the finishing touch." }, { "front": "陥穽 (kansei)", "back": "pitfall / trap", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 165, "example_front": "論理の陥穽に気づかない。", "example_back": "Fail to notice a logical pitfall." }, { "front": "朝令暮改 (chourei bokai)", "back": "constantly changing policy", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 166, "example_front": "政府の方針は朝令暮改だ。", "example_back": "The government's policy changes constantly." }, { "front": "牽強付会 (kenkyou fukai)", "back": "far-fetched argument", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "debate" ], "word_frequency": 167, "example_front": "その解釈は牽強付会だ。", "example_back": "That interpretation is far-fetched." }, { "front": "爛熟 (ranjuku)", "back": "overripeness / full maturity", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 168, "example_front": "爛熟した江戸文化。", "example_back": "The overripe culture of Edo." }, { "front": "桎梏 (shikkoku)", "back": "fetters / shackles", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 169, "example_front": "因習の桎梏から逃れる。", "example_back": "Escape the shackles of convention." }, { "front": "焦眉 (shoubi)", "back": "urgent (焦眉の急)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 170, "example_front": "財政再建は焦眉の急だ。", "example_back": "Fiscal reconstruction is an urgent matter." }, { "front": "韜晦 (toukai)", "back": "concealing one's talents / obscurantism", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 171, "example_front": "自己韜晦に満ちた文章。", "example_back": "Prose full of self-concealment." }, { "front": "就中 (nakanzuku)", "back": "above all / especially", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 172, "example_front": "就中、教育が重要である。", "example_back": "Above all, education is important." }, { "front": "呻吟 (shingin)", "back": "groaning / struggling", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 173, "example_front": "貧困の中で呻吟する人々。", "example_back": "People groaning in poverty." }, { "front": "晦渋 (kaijuu)", "back": "obscure / abstruse", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 174, "example_front": "彼の文体は晦渋で読みにくい。", "example_back": "His style is abstruse and hard to read." }, { "front": "論駁 (ronbaku)", "back": "refutation", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "debate" ], "word_frequency": 175, "example_front": "相手の主張を論駁する。", "example_back": "Refute the opponent's claim." }, { "front": "いみじくも (imijikumo)", "back": "aptly", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 176, "example_front": "彼がいみじくも言ったように。", "example_back": "As he so aptly put it." }, { "front": "慙愧 (zanki)", "back": "shame / remorse", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 177, "example_front": "慙愧に堪えない思いです。", "example_back": "I am filled with remorse." }, { "front": "窘める (tashinameru)", "back": "to chide / to rebuke gently", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 178, "example_front": "母が子どもの言葉遣いを窘めた。", "example_back": "The mother chided her child's language." }, { "front": "蹉跌 (satetsu)", "back": "setback / failure", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 179, "example_front": "若き日の蹉跌が彼を強くした。", "example_back": "The setbacks of his youth made him stronger." }, { "front": "曲学阿世 (kyokugaku asei)", "back": "twisting scholarship to please the public", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 180, "example_front": "曲学阿世の徒と批判された。", "example_back": "He was criticized as a scholar who panders." }, { "front": "侘び寂び (wabisabi)", "back": "wabi-sabi (beauty in imperfection)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "culture" ], "word_frequency": 181, "example_front": "この茶碗には侘び寂びが感じられる。", "example_back": "You can feel wabi-sabi in this tea bowl." }, { "front": "誹謗中傷 (hibou chuushou)", "back": "slander / online abuse", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "media" ], "word_frequency": 182, "example_front": "ネット上の誹謗中傷が深刻だ。", "example_back": "Online abuse is a serious problem." }, { "front": "恣意的 (shiiteki)", "back": "arbitrary", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "law" ], "word_frequency": 183, "example_front": "恣意的な法解釈は許されない。", "example_back": "Arbitrary legal interpretation is not permitted." }, { "front": "普遍性 (fuhensei)", "back": "universality", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 184, "example_front": "この作品は時代を超えた普遍性を持つ。", "example_back": "This work has a timeless universality." }, { "front": "黎明期 (reimeiki)", "back": "dawn / early period", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 185, "example_front": "インターネットの黎明期。", "example_back": "The dawn of the internet." }, { "front": "等閑視 (toukanshi)", "back": "neglect / disregard", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 186, "example_front": "環境問題が等閑視されてきた。", "example_back": "Environmental issues have been neglected." }, { "front": "諫める (isameru)", "back": "to admonish (a superior)", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 187, "example_front": "部下が社長を諫めた。", "example_back": "A subordinate admonished the president." }, { "front": "論う (agetsurau)", "back": "to find fault / to criticize", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "debate" ], "word_frequency": 188, "example_front": "他人の欠点を論うのはやめよう。", "example_back": "Let's stop finding fault with others." }, { "front": "羊頭狗肉 (youtou kuniku)", "back": "false advertising / crying up wine and selling vinegar", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 189, "example_front": "羊頭狗肉の宣伝に注意しよう。", "example_back": "Beware of misleading advertising." }, { "front": "唯々諾々 (ii dakudaku)", "back": "meekly complying", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 190, "example_front": "上司の命令に唯々諾々と従う。", "example_back": "Meekly obey the boss's orders." }, { "front": "泰然自若 (taizen jijaku)", "back": "calm and composed", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 191, "example_front": "危機にあっても泰然自若としていた。", "example_back": "He remained calm even in a crisis." }, { "front": "毀誉褒貶 (kiyo houhen)", "back": "praise and censure", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "media" ], "word_frequency": 192, "example_front": "毀誉褒貶の激しい人物。", "example_back": "A figure who attracts both praise and censure." }, { "front": "旗幟鮮明 (kishi senmei)", "back": "taking a clear stance", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 193, "example_front": "旗幟鮮明にすべきだ。", "example_back": "You should make your position clear." }, { "front": "首鼠両端 (shuso ryoutan)", "back": "sitting on the fence", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "politics" ], "word_frequency": 194, "example_front": "首鼠両端の態度を批判された。", "example_back": "He was criticized for sitting on the fence." }, { "front": "一知半解 (itchi hankai)", "back": "superficial knowledge", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 195, "example_front": "一知半解の知識で語るな。", "example_back": "Don't speak with half-baked knowledge." }, { "front": "所謂 (iwayuru)", "back": "so-called", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "academic" ], "word_frequency": 196, "example_front": "所謂「勝ち組」の実態。", "example_back": "The reality of the so-called \"winners\"." }, { "front": "夙に (tsutoni)", "back": "long since / from early on", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 197, "example_front": "彼の才能は夙に知られていた。", "example_back": "His talent had long been known." }, { "front": "図らずも (hakarazumo)", "back": "unexpectedly", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "literary" ], "word_frequency": 198, "example_front": "図らずも受賞することとなった。", "example_back": "Unexpectedly, I ended up winning the award." }, { "front": "にべもない (nibemonai)", "back": "curt / blunt", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "psychology" ], "word_frequency": 199, "example_front": "にべもなく断られた。", "example_back": "I was curtly refused." }, { "front": "やぶさかでない (yabusakadenai)", "back": "not unwilling / ready to", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "business" ], "word_frequency": 200, "example_front": "協力するにやぶさかでない。", "example_back": "I'm not unwilling to cooperate." }, { "front": "けれん味 (kerenmi)", "back": "showiness / theatricality", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "arts" ], "word_frequency": 201, "example_front": "けれん味のない演技。", "example_back": "An unaffected performance." }, { "front": "僻見 (hekiken)", "back": "biased view", "level": "C2", "tags": [ "debate" ], "word_frequency": 202, "example_front": "それは僻見にすぎない。", "example_back": "That's merely a biased view." } ] }